Key data and indicators on solid waste and plastic waste are presented to support understanding of waste generation, composition, and management trends across the region.
Sub region
Country
Year
Solid Waste
Municipal Waste
Generated Waste
Waste Data
| Waste Category | Generated | Hazardous | Collected | Recycled | Recovered | Disposal | Treatment | Reuse | Sludge | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Municipal Waste | 648,205,516.65 | 2,329.34 | 282,826.52 | 76,080,856.80 | 20,976,868.05 | 229,560,889.84 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
MOEJ. State of generation and treatment of municipal solid waste in FY 2001. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2004/0301b.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of municipal solid waste in FY 2002. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2005/0121b.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of municipal solid waste in FY 2003. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2005/1104a.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of municipal solid waste in FY 2004. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/press/files/en/57.pdf on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of municipal solid waste in FY 2005. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/379.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of municipal solid waste in FY2006. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/press/files/en/245.pdf on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of municipal solid waste in FY 2008. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/press/files/en/359.pdf on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. Municipal solid waste emissions and disposal in 2009. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/press/409.pdf on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. Municipal solid waste emissions and disposal in 2010. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/press/files/en/445.pdf on September 16, 2016. , OECD Stat. Retrieved from http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. Municipal solid waste emissions and disposal in FY2013. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/press/files/en/fy2013.pdf on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. Municipal solid waste emissions and disposal in FY2014 (Page.1).Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/press/files/en/656.pdhttps://www.env.go.jp/press/files/en/656.pdf on September 16, 2016 , UNESCAP (2012). 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City waste profile Kabul-Afghanistan. Available from: http://goo.gl/M2VwBJ on August 16, 2016 , World Bank. What A Waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management (page 96). Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf on August 15, 2016. , Clearing House Mechanism of Bhutan. Waste Prevention and Management Act of Bhutan. Available from: http://www.biodiv.be/bhutan/legal-instruments/acts/waste-prevention-and-management-act-2009-english-.pdf on August 15, 2016. UNU. (2014). The Global E-Waste Monitor, p 65. Available from: https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on August 22, on August 22, 2016. , World Bank. WHAT A WASTE: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management (page 96). Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf on August 15, 2016. Department of Environment, Park, and Recreation, Ministry of Environment (2016). Lim Yim Geo and Nazirah Hj. Mohammad. Solid Waste Management in Brunei. Available from: http://solidwastebn.blogspot.com on August 16, 2016. , General Department of Environment Protection, Ministry of Environment (2016). , Law of the people’s Republic of china on the Prevention and Control of environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes. Retrieved from http://faolex.fao.org/docs/texts/chn53314.doc on September 15 2016 China Urban and Rural Construction Statistical Yearbook 2015: Vol I: Table 14-3, Vol II: Table 18-1. Retrieved from http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/indexeh.htm on September 5, 2016. , UNESCAP (2012). Conservative Estimate of Annual Production of Hazardous Waste in Selected Countries and Territories in the Asian and Pacific Region, p.173, 174. Retrieved from http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/CH08.PDF on September 2, 2016. , Pariatamby, A. and Tanaka, M. (2014). Municipal solid waste management in Asia and the Pacific Island: Challenges and Strategic Solutions. Available from: http://goo.gl/l9nSqp on August 31, 2016. Implementation of 3R in Indonesia (2010). Available from: http://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/RT2_03_Indonesia.pdf on September 1, 2016. Ministry of Environment (2015). Available from: http://www.menlh.go.id/rangkaian-hlh-2015-dialog-penanganan-sampah-plastik/ on September 1, 2016. , Nabizadeh R., Heidari M., Hassanvand, MS. (2008). Municipal Solid Waste Analysis in Iran. Available from: http://ijhe.tums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_id=182&slc_lang=en&sid=1&ftxt=1 on August 16, 2016. , Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2016). RRC.AP (2015). Solid waste management city profile. Available from: http://goo.gl/Cg65V8 on August 18, 2016. , World Bank (2015). Ari Atoll solid waste management project, p.1. Available from: http://goo.gl/M1t8bO on September 2, 2016. Peterson, C. (2015). Assessment of Solid Waste management practices and its vulnerability to climate risks in Maldives tourism sector, p.9, 26, 28. Available from: http://goo.gl/ClFXzE on September 2, 2016. , World Bank. A Global Review of Solid Waste Management, 2012. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/Resources/336387-1334852610766/What_a_Waste2012_Final.pdf on August 16, 2016. , Waste Concern. Waste Database of Bangladesh. Available from: http://www.wasteconcern.org/documents/Waste\%20Data\%20Base_2009.pdf on August 15, 2016. , UNEP. DPR KOREA: State of the Environment 2003. Available from: http://www.unep.org/PDF/DPRK_SOE_Report.pdf on August 16, 2016. , Premakumara, D.G.J. and Hengesbaugh, M. (June, 2016). Quick Study on Waste Management in Myanmar: Current Situation and Key Challenges. Available from: http://goo.gl/2Srb6Q on August 30, 2016. , World Bank (2012). A Global Review of Solid Waste Management (2012). 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World Bank Group. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/d3f9d45e-115f-559b-b14f-28552410e90a Drweiga, Y.I., & Septiono, M.A. (2019). Plastic Waste Trade in Indonesia Country Update Report. Plastic Solutions Fund Foundation. https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/13eb5b_1afcd484be9048c3b277e492b0e54d49.pdf , Wang, Y., Karasik, R., & Virdin, J. (2021). Plastic Pollution Policy Spotlight: Indonesia. United Nations Environment Program. https://leap.unep.org/countries/id/case-studies/indonesia ,Sea Circular. (n.d.). Country Profile Indonesia. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). https://www.sea-circular.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SEA-circular-Country-Profile_INDONESIA.pdf ,German- Indonesian Chamber of Industry and Commerce. (2021). Indonesia’s waste management sector still going strong. https://indonesien.ahk.de/en/infocenter/news/news-details/indonesias-waste-management-sector-still-going-strong Sea Circular. (n.d.). Country Profile Indonesia. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). https://www.sea-circular.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SEA-circular-Country-Profile_INDONESIA.pdf ,Wang, Y., & Karasik, R. (2022). Plastic Pollution Policy Country Profile: Indonesia. Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions. https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/sites/default/files/projects/Plastic-Pollution-Policy-Country-Profile-Indonesia.pdf German- Indonesian Chamber of Industry and Commerce. (2021). Indonesia’s waste management sector still going strong. https://indonesien.ahk.de/en/infocenter/news/news-details/indonesias-waste-management-sector-still-going-strong ,DevTech Systems, Inc. (2022). Plastic and Recycling Industry Outlook in Indonesia. USAID. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZPZ4.pdf Directorate General of PSLB3 KLHK Urged to Take Measurable Steps to Handle Waste Volume. THE COUNCIL OF PEOPLE'S REPRESENTATIVES OF THE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA. https://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/40924/t/Ditjen+PSLB3+KLHK+Didesak+Miliki+Langkah+Terukur+Tangani+Volume+Sampah ,United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). (n.d.). Pollution - Philippines. Retrieved June 5, 2023, from https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/philippines/pollution#:~:text=By%202019%2C%20this%20MSW%20generation,Metro%20Manila%20it%20is%2085%25. ,International Journal of Science and Engineering Investigations (IJSEI), "Waste Management Practices of the Selected Public Elementary Schools in the Division of Santa Rosa," (2017), p. 1, para. 9. https://ojs.literacyinstitute.org/index.php/ijsei/article/view/144/143 ,https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/waste-and-recycling-statistics-2017-to-2021.pdf ,Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2020) National Environmental Status Report 2019: Domestic Soid Waste Management. https://www.monre.gov.vn/Portal/Documents/2020/11/Ban%20Giay%20phep%20in_Bao%20cao%20hien%20trang%20moi%20truong%20(1).pdf (Access Date: 21 Sept 2023) ,Pollution Control Department (2022) The Thailand State of Pollution Report 2022. https://www.pcd.go.th/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/pcdnew-2023-08-31_07-45-46_415782.pdf (Access Date: 18 Sept 2023) ,Ministry of Development (2019). Waste Management In Brunei Darussalam. http://env.gov.bn/SitePages/Waste%20Management%20in%20Brunei%20Darussalam.aspx (Access Date: 21 Spet 2023) |
| Agricultural Waste | 1,856,100.05 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 68,200.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
MOEJ. State of generation and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2001. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2004/0301c.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of generation and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2001. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2004/0301c.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2002. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2005/0121c.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2003. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2005/1108b.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2005. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/668.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2006. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/941.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2007. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/1249.html on September 16, 2016. , UNESCAP (2012). Conservative Estimate of Annual Production of Hazardous Waste in Selected Countries and Territories in the Asian and Pacific Region, p.173. Retrieved from http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/CH08.PDF on September 2, 2016. , Current situation on solid waste management in Thailand. Cited in http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/3rkh.net/ContentPages/2468538973.pdf on September 20, 2016. , Country Presentation, Bangladesh: 2nd meeting of the Regional 3R forum in Asia. Available from: http://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/RT2_01_Bangladesh.pdf on August 15, 2016. , Asian Institute of Technology, 3R in Asia: a gap analysis in selected Asian countries, 2007. Available from: http://faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/public/uploads/books/3RAGPSAC.pdf on August 15, 2016. , http://www.bt.com.bn/focus/2008/06/16/bruneis_solid_waste_management_system#sthash.p6wATcdu.dpbs , UNESCAP (2012). Conservative Estimate of Annual Production of Hazardous Waste in Selected Countries and Territories in the Asian and Pacific Region, p.173, 174. Retrieved from http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/CH08.PDF on September 2, 2016. , Implementation of 3R in Indonesia (2010). Available from: http://www.uncrd.or.jp/content/documents/RT2_03_Indonesia.pdf on September 1, 2016. , Waste Management Law. Available from: http://www.vertic.org/media/National\%20Legislation/Iran/IR_Law_Waste_Management.pdf on August 16, 2016. A. M. Damghani .(2007). Municipal solid waste management in Tehran. Available from: http://shmc.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/Paper_Journal_Clube_Mehdipour.pdf on August 16, 2016.
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| Construction & Demolition Waste | 2,420,108.72 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 662,187,488.88 | 682.00 | 3,011.37 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
MOEJ. State of generation and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2001. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2004/0301c.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of generation and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2001. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2004/0301c.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2002. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2005/0121c.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2003. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2005/1108b.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2005. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/668.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2006. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/941.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2007. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/1249.html on September 16, 2016. , China Construction Waste Resources Industrialization (2014) Development Report. Cited in http://newlvyuan.com/en/new/new-42-463.html on September 15, 2016 , Damghani, A.M. (2007). Municipal solid waste management in Tehran: Current practices, opportunities and challenges. Available from: http://shmc.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/Paper_Journal_Clube_Mehdipour.pdf on August 16, 2016. , Peterson, C. (2015). Assessment of Solid Waste management practices and its vulnerability to climate risks in Maldives tourism sector, p.9, 26, 28. Available from: http://goo.gl/ClFXzE on September 2, 2016.
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| E-Waste | 8,282.86 | 44.33 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Yolin, C. (2015), Waste Management and Recycling in Japan Opportunities for European Companies (SMEs focus), Tokyo September. Retrieved from http://goo.gl/65g6aA on September 1, 2016. , Ms. Che Asmah Ibrahim. Hazardous Substances Division, Department of Environment, Malaysia. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-05/documents/malaysia.pdf on September 1, 2016. , UNU. (2014). The Global E-Waste Monitor, p 65. Available from: https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on August 22, on August 22, 2016. , Clearing House Mechanism of Bhutan. Waste Prevention and Management Act of Bhutan. Available from: http://www.biodiv.be/bhutan/legal-instruments/acts/waste-prevention-and-management-act-2009-english-.pdf on August 15, 2016. United Nations University. The Global E-Waste Monitor, 2014 (page 65). Available from: https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on August 15, 2016. , UNU. (2014). The Global E-Waste Monitor, p 65. Retrieved from https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on August 22, on August 22, 2016. , FAO (2016). Aquastat. Available from: https://goo.gl/Bcezq0 on October 13, 2016. , UNU. (2014). The Global E-Waste Monitor, p 65. Available from: https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on August 22, on August 22, 2016. , Pollution Control Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2016). , UNU (2014). The global E-waste monitor: quantities, flows, and resources, p.63. Available from: https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on September 2, 2016. , UNU (2014). The global E-waste monitor: quantities, flows, and resources, p.63. Available from: https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on September 2, 2016. , UNEP (2009). Cambodia Environment Outlook, p.63. Available from: http://apps.unep.org/redirect.php?file=/publications/pmtdocuments/Cambodia_environment_outlook.pdf on September 2, 2016. MOE (2009). WEEE/E-waste Management Report: Phnom Penh Municipality, Kingdom of Cambodia. Available from: http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/spc/activities/e-waste/2_WEEE_Ewaste_MngtRprt.pdf on September 2, 2016. , UNU. (2014). The Global E-Waste Monitor, p 65. Available from: https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on August 22, on August 22, 2016. , UNU. (2014). The Global E-Waste Monitor, p 64. Available from: https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on August 22, on August 22, 2016. , UNU. (2014). The Global E-Waste Monitor, p 65. Available from: https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on August 22, on August 22, 2016. , PCD (2015).Thailand State of pollution report, 2015. Available from: http://www.pcd.go.th/public/Publications/en_print_report.cfm?task=en_report2558 on September 30, 2016. , UNU. (2014). The Global E-Waste Monitor, p 65. Available from: https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on August 22, on August 22, 2016. , Department of Pollution Control, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2016). , Baldé, C.P., Wang, F., Kuehr, R., Huisman, J. (2015), The global e-waste monitor – 2014, United Nations University, IAS – SCYCLE, Bonn, Germany, p 65. Available from: https://i.unu.edu/media/unu.edu/news/52624/UNU-1stGlobal-E-Waste-Monitor-2014-small.pdf on August 22, on August 22, 2016
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| Industrial Waste | 6,986,633.75 | 4,720.00 | 0.00 | 3,794,498.00 | 0.00 | 1,062,639.20 | 292,286.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Ministry of the Environment (2014). History and Current State of Waste Management in Japan. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/recycle/smcs/attach/hcswm.pdf on September 2, 2016. , MOEJ. State of generation and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2001. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2004/0301c.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of generation and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2001. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2004/0301c.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2002. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2005/0121c.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2003. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/press/2005/1108b.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2005. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/668.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2006. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/941.html on September 16, 2016. , MOEJ. State of discharge and treatment of industrial waste in FY 2007. Retrieved from https://www.env.go.jp/en/headline/1249.html on September 16, 2016. , Cited in http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/3rkh.net/ContentPages/2468538973.pdf on September 20, 2016. , 3R Forum in Asia (2010) , National Bureau of Statistics of China. China Statistical Yearbook (2015): Table 8-17(Disposal and Utilization of Industrial solid wastes by Region(2014)). Retrieved from http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2015/html/EN0817.jpg , IGES (2014). Feasibility studies on joint crediting mechanism projects towards environmentally sustainable cities in Asia. Available from: https://www.env.go.jp/earth/coop/lowcarbon-asia/english/project/data/EN_MMR_2013_01.pdf on August 22, 2016. , PCD (2015).Thailand State of pollution report, 2015. Available from: http://www.pcd.go.th/public/Publications/en_print_report.cfm?task=en_report2558 on September 30, 2016. , Department of Pollution Control, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (2016). Pariatamby, A. and Tanaka, M. (2014). Municipal solid waste management in Asia and the Pacific Islands: Challenges and Strategic Solutions, p. 356, 358, 359, 364,370. Available from: http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789814451727 on September 3, 2016. FAO (2016). Aquastat. Available from: https://goo.gl/Bcezq0 on October 13, 2016.
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| Healthcare Waste | 76,231.56 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 109.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
OECD Stat. Retrieved from http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx on August 22, 2016. , , Asian Institute of Technology. 3R in Asia: a gap analysis in selected Asian countries (2008) (page 11). Available from: http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/Publications/3R_Asia_agap\%20analysis.pdf on August 16, 2016. , Clearing House Mechanism of Bhutan. Waste Prevention and Management Act of Bhutan. Available from: http://www.biodiv.be/bhutan/legal-instruments/acts/waste-prevention-and-management-act-2009-english-.pdf on August 15, 2016. , WHO. Country profile (page 6). Available from: http://www.wpro.who.int/rfeh/country_profiles/brunei.pdf?ua=1 on August 15, 2016 , Asian Institute of Technology, 3R in Asia. (2007). A gap analysis in selected Asian countries. Available from: http://faculty.ait.ac.th/visu/public/uploads/books/3RAGPSAC.pdf on August 15, 2016. , Asian Institute of Technology. 3R in Asia: a gap analysis in selected Asian countries (2008) (page 54). Available from: http://www.rrcap.ait.asia/Publications/3R_Asia_agap\%20analysis.pdf on August 16, 2016. , Waste Management Law. Available from: http://www.vertic.org/media/National\%20Legislation/Iran/IR_Law_Waste_Management.pdf on August 16, 2016. Damghani, A.M. (2007). Municipal solid waste management in Tehran: Current practices, opportunities and challenges. Available from: http://shmc.sbmu.ac.ir/uploads/Paper_Journal_Clube_Mehdipour.pdf on August 16, 2016. , Healthcare waste management in the capital city of Mongolia, http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan050306.pdf on August 18, 2016. , 3RKH (2008). Healthcare Waste in Asia – Institutions Insights, p.46. Available from: http://goo.gl/79IwNZ on September 1, 2016. , IGES. Feasibility studies on joint crediting mechanism projects towards environmentally sustainable cities in Asia, p.17. Available from: https://www.env.go.jp/earth/coop/lowcarbon-asia/english/project/data/EN_MMR_2013_01.pdf on August 22, 2016. , PCD (2015).Thailand State of pollution report, 2015. Available from: http://www.pcd.go.th/public/Publications/en_print_report.cfm?task=en_report2558 on September 30, 2016. , Pariatamby, A. and Tanaka, M. (2014). Municipal solid waste management in Asia and the Pacific Islands: Challenges and Strategic Solutions, p. 356, 358, 359, 364,370. Available from: http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789814451727 on September 3, 2016. FAO (2016).
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| Plastic Waste | 77,007,500.00 | 0.00 | 2,562,000.00 | 1,624,000.00 | 5,531,200.00 | 11,296,800.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Indonesia produces 64 million tons of waste annually- Ministry. Tempe.Co. https://en.tempo.co/read/746875/indonesia-produce-64-million-tons-of-waste-annually-ministry https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e951/0762b7cb31810db3810745e19279507b663f.pdf Petrilik, J., Ismawati, Y., Digangi, J., Arisandhi, P., Bell, L. & Beeler, B. (2019). Plastic waste flooding Indonesia leads to toxic chemical contamination of the flood chain. https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/indonesia-egg-report-long-v1_2web-en.pdf ,Ministry of Environment and Forestry. (2020). National Plastic Waste Reduction Strategic Actions for Indonesia, Republic of Indonesia. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/32898/NPWRSI.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed= Sidik, U.S. (2021). Redesigning Policies and Programs to Combat Plastic Pollution in Indonesia (Ed.). Turning the Tide: How can Indonesia close the loop on plastic waste? (pp 24-29). Wilson Centre. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/uploads/documents/Insight%20Out_April2021_FINALr4.pdf ,Sea Circular. (n.d.). Country Profile Indonesia. United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). https://www.sea-circular.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/SEA-circular-Country-Profile_INDONESIA.pdf Drweiga, Y.I., & Septiono, M.A. (2019). Plastic Waste Trade in Indonesia Country Update Report. Plastic Solutions Fund Foundation. https://docs.wixstatic.com/ugd/13eb5b_1afcd484be9048c3b277e492b0e54d49.pdf Hidayat, Y.A., Kiranamahsa, S., & Zamal, M.A. (2019). A study of plastic waste management effectiveness in Indonesia. AIMS Energy, 7(3), pp 350-270. 10.3934/energy.2019.3.350 ,https://ppkl.menlhk.go.id/website/reduksiplastik/pengantar.php DevTech Systems, Inc. (2022). Plastic and Recycling Industry Outlook in Indonesia. USAID. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZPZ4.pdf Meijer, L. J., Van Emmerik, T., Van Der Ent, R., Schmidt, C., & Lebreton, L. (2021). More than 1000 rivers account for 80% of global riverine plastic emissions into the ocean. Science Advances, 7(18), eaaz5803. ,Philippine Institute for Development Studies. (2021). Scaling up ocean financing in the Philippines (PIDS Discussion Paper Series No. 2021-02). P.4, https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps2102.pdf , Philippine Institute for Development Studies. (2021). Scaling up ocean financing in the Philippines (PIDS Discussion Paper Series No. 2021-02). P.4, https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps2102.pdf ,World Population Review. (n.d.). Plastic pollution by country. Retrieved April 29, 2023 from https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/plastic-pollution-by-country. ,World Bank. (2021). An Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Plans, Collection, Recycling and Disposal of Metro Manila. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/37766?show=full WWF Philippines. (2021). Extended Producer Responsibility in the Philippines: A Policy Landscape. Retrieved from https://wwf.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/WWF_REPORT_EPR_Philippines_11Mar21.pdf ,National Environment Agency (2023) Waste Statistics and Overall Recycling. https://www.nea.gov.sg/our-services/waste-management/waste-statistics-and-overall-recycling (Access Date: 18 Sept 2023) ,https://www.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/waste-and-recycling-statistics-2017-to-2021.pdf ,IUCN-EA-QUANTIS, 2020, National Guidance for plastic pollution hotspotting and shaping action, Country report Chulalonkorn Univeristy (2018) Plastic material flow and value chain analysis (Thailand). https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/41046/Chula%20report%20-%20V4.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (Access Date: 20 Spet 2023) |
Legal framework and Policy
This prohibits discharge of refuse, garbage, waste, effluents, plastics and dangerous pollutants from ships into the sea.
This prohibits disposal of all plastics into the sea, including synthetic ropes and fishing nets, plastic garbage bags, and incinerator ashes.
The Order notes that it is all citizens' duty to protect the environment and prevent pollution when carrying out activities such as waste treatment and disposal, hazardous substance processing, handling and disposing, and any activity done on Brunei waters.
This Sub-Decree aims to increase effectiveness of plastic reduction on importation, production, distribution and the use of plastic bag in order to improve the public health, environment and landscape.
This law establishes waste management as the government's responsibility and authority, with public and private sector cooperation in achieving effective and efficient waste management in the country.
This legislation aims to protect the environment of the country from pollution and provides provision for the management of hazardous waste.
This regulation provides for the reduction and handling of household and similar wastes, with aims to reduce household waste by 30% by 2025.
Article 17 necessitates waste segregation to be carried out by everybody at the source including managers of residential, commercial, industrial, special areas, public and social facilities, and districts/ city governments
The regulation intends to enhance coverage of waste disposal service through basic infrastructure management that covers sorting, collection, transportation, processing and final waste handling.
Article 5 of Jakstranas sets a goal of reducing the volume of household waste by 30% and recycling 70% of household waste by 2025.
It requires every ship’s crew to prevent and manage the occurrence of environmental pollution which may include oil, toxic liquids, hazardous materials, garbage, etc. sourced from the vessel to the waters.
Article 11 mentions cooperation within countries and international organizations to prevent and combat marine pollution.
Article 50 ensures environmental protection through marine conservation, marine pollution control and prevention and control of pollution.
This regulation sets strategies such as awareness raising, coastal waste management, funding and investment, monitoring, developing R&D, etc to improve marine waste management. It also has set target to reduce marine plastic waste by 70% by 2025.
This regulation sets strategies such as awareness raising, coastal waste management, funding and investment, monitoring, developing R&D, etc to improve marine waste management. It also has set target to reduce marine plastic waste by 70% by 2025.
Article 6 outlines the role of the national and local government to in development of relevant technology and infrastructures for waste reduction, handling and utilization, and facilitation of the 3Rs implementation by generating local awareness, and easing coordination among stakeholders for integrated waste management.
Article 20 states the role of business actors and community (consumers) respectively in waste reduction through use of raw materials in production that produce minimum waste, are recyclable and easily decomposable in nature and the choice of products that are the same in nature.
Article 21 stipulates government provision of incentives to those who conduct waste reduction and fines for those who do not
Article 12-14 require producers to limit waste generation through use of packaging/production materials that are easily decomposable, recyclable or reusable.
Article 17 groups waste into five types (waste with hazardous and toxic materials, hazardous and toxic material waste, biodegradable, reusable, recyclable and others) and provides regental/ municipal governments to arrange waste sorting facilities according to the five categories
Articles 14- 16 of Law 18/2008 stipulates that producer of products and/or packaging must label their products for recycling and are obliged to manage the packaging if it is unable to be decomposed.
This regulation sets a target for producers to reduce their waste generated from sales of products and packaging by 30% by 2029
The presidential decree reaffirms the country's promise to effectively manage plastic waste by creating a National Plan of Action to combat marine debris. It outlines combating marine debris sources on land as well as raising awareness on the issue. The decree outlines its management arrangement.
Article 15 requires the party/ entity to manage the marine contamination/ damage as a result of their activities.
The MOIC has issued a decree to regulate plastic waste processing plants to reduce the impact on workers and the environment. The guide has 14 articles covering plant setup, waste treatment, transportation, and import requirements. Key points include:
- EIA or IEE, certificates, and licenses are required for setup
- Storage of waste outside the plant is prohibited
- Treatment systems and wastewater must meet MOIC standards
- Imported plastic waste must be clean and at least 80% recyclable
- Plant location should be at least 100 meters from a community and 250 meters from a watercourse.
The policy has specific goals to develop capacity within the green technology sector especially for solid waste management.
The policy focuses on developing a comprehensive and cost-effective solid waste management system based on the waste management hierarchy, with an emphasis on 3R, prioritizing reduction in waste, efficient and cost-effective management, and strengthening laws and institutions around waste management.
The strategy positions the waste sector as a contributor to advancing Malaysia's green technology sector, outlining strategies such as waste monetization and waste-to-energy conversion.
The policy aims to raise public awareness to reduce mismanaged waste disposal through objectives centered on developing a circular economy, strengthening monitoring of solid waste management, reduction in plastic packaging, encouraging 3Rs through separation at source and development of an EPR scheme.
The plan highlights waste as a resource and outlines strategies for holistic waste management based on the life cycle approach, segregation at source, and through increased investments and coordination.
The roadmap is designed in phases and includes an action plan to curb plastic use through suggested measures such as pollution charge for plastic bags, no straw by default practice to discourage use of plastics among consumers, pollution levy on manufacturing of plastic bags and others.
This policy sets strategies and plans to achieve plastic circularity. It also informs stakeholders how to maximize the value of plastic industry thorough necessary measures. It highlights the environmental and financial aspect of the plastic recycling and provide guidance for sustainable business practice. It also adopts life cycle approach in the plastic value chain.
The National Marine Litter Policy and Action Plan 2021 - 2030 highlights priority areas and actions to address marine litter pollution in Malaysia.
One of the measures to meet the NSDS's identified goal of promoting sustainable resource management is the effective management of solid waste, particularly dangerous compounds, such as raising public knowledge about solid waste management and encouraging private investment in these services.
Under Chapter IX on Waste Management, waste treatment should be carried per category in a separate, established facility or center.
The National Waste Management Strategy and Master Plan intends to identify programmes and actions to enhance solid waste collection through the implementation of 3Rs.
This presidential decree prohibits littering in public places, with either a fine or imprisonment between 5 days to a year. It has a provision for all citizens and establishments to clean their own surroundings.
The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 provides a framework for a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program. It is composed of seven chapters subdivided into 66 sections that cover, among others, local government participation, waste segregation, recycling programs, etc
This presidential decree makes a revision of the earlier Pollution Control Act (Republic Act 3931), restructuring the National Pollution Commission and introducing new duties, including research.
This republic act details the management of substances that pose a risk to human health and the environment throughout its life cycle.
Sections 26 to 33 of the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 give provisions for a recycling program. It provides a plan for relevant government agencies to map out reclamation programs, labeling of materials, and marketing of recyclable materials.
The Extended Producer Responsibility Act of 2022 is an amendment of RA9003. It deems that large businesses, those with a total asset worth more than P100 million, are required to recover up to 80% of their plastic packaging waste by 2028. These packaging include sachets, bottles, straws, and single-use plastic bags, among others.
The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 has a section noting that those who cause pollution in water bodies are responsible to clean-up their incident. In case of emergency, the relevant government body shall take on the task with the polluting party responsible for the reimbursement.
Under the National Pollution Control Decree of 1976, Section 8 states that it is prohibited to pollute the water and the air, including constructing establishments that pollute the waterways. Section 9 provides the penalties faced by transgressors, including a fine or imprisonment.
This Commonwealth Act prohibits the dumping of waste into rivers that will cause a rise in elevation of the riverbeds or will block the stream. Transgressors shall be fined or imprisoned not more than six months.
The Marine Pollution Decree of 1976 comes as a revision of an earlier decree. It is a national policy on pollution of the seas through dumping waste, either on from vessels or from shore-based establishments, under the responsibility of the National Pollution Control Commission.
Section 27 of the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 lists out a list of prohibitions regarding dumping waste into water bodies that result in waste washing up on shore or the blockage of the flow of water. It also prohibits actions that will pollute groundwater.
Section 5 of the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 notes that certain areas should be designated as water quality management areas and each management area should have a multi-sectoral group to manage and monitor the water quality.
This Act provides for the control of environmental pollution, including air and water for the safe management of hazardous waste and for the protection and management of the environment.
The Act provides the management of waste, including the provision of street cleaning, refuse removal for residences, businesses, and industries, and the punishment of litterbugs by corrective work orders. Under section 17 of the Environmental Public Health Act of Singapore, littering is mentioned to be offensive and prohibited with a fine up to $2,000.
Under this act, the export, import or transit of hazardous wastes is regulatedin accordance with the principles and provisions of the Basel Convention. The act controls transboundary movement of hazardous waste and provide guidelines for the proper management and disposal of these waste.
Zero Waste Masterplan aims to raise the government’s efforts for managing waste issues by adopting a circular economy approach. The policy supports the wider use of on-site food waste digesters at commercial premises as well as the development of integrated waste management facility.
Under this scheme, producers of packaged products are required to submit packaging data annually and develop plans to reduce, reuse, and recycle plastic packaging.
Under MWR, owners of hotels, malls, industrial premises, convention, and exhibition centres must report data on waste disposed and recycled and register their planned and current activities for waste reduction.
Under this programme, the public waste collectors (PWCs) licensed by NEA are required to provide recycling bins and recycling collection services to all public housing (HDB) estates and private landed properties to recycle their source segregated paper, plastic, metal and glass waste streams.
This Act impose regulatory measures on electrical and electronic waste, packaging (including plastic) waste and food waste. The products are regulated through producer responsibility schemes to promote sustainability.
Under the National Action Strategy on Marine Litter, coastal water cleaning efforts are prioritized for the removal of flotsam as well as other litters.
This chapter covers the different types of pollutions and the governmental body that is responsible, including the scope of laws. These pollution types include air and noise pollution, water pollution, other pollution, and hazardous waste.
This legislation covers the procedures of handling waste to ensure hygiene and cleanliness.
This legislation sets out the responsibility of the local government to collect, transport, and dispose of waste or sewage. It also prohibits the dumping, discharging, and discarding of sewage or waste in public places.
Clauses 5 and 6 note that waste producers must segregate recyclable and non-recyclable waste, and provide the specifications for recyclable waste bags.
The owner responsible for the source of pollution should construct, provide or install of on-site facility for waste removal according to Section 70.
This legislation provides for the cleanliness of public places within Thailand, with Article 26, and 31-33 prohibiting the dumping of debris in public places, water ways, state-owned enterprises, and anywhere other than places designated by the state.
The second phase of the plastic waste management action plan aims to reduce 100% of target plastic waste to landfills by 2027 and reduce 50% of the potential plastic waste leakage to the sea.
The action plan on plastic waste has a target to develop an extended producer responsibility (EPR) model.
The document bans seven types of single-use (including plastic bottle cap seals, oxo degradable plastics and plastic microbeads) plastics and mandates recycling of domestic plastic within the designated time frame.
It targets the use of 100% friendly plastic bags environment at commercial centers and supermarkets for living purposes replacement for non-degradable plastic bags.
The Decree provide detailed rules on recycling of discarded products and packaging materials under the Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR). The Decree sets out a list of regulated products and compulsory recycling rates, and provides for rules on the Environmental Protection Fund, producers’ obligations to formulate recycling plans, disclose product information, and report recycling performance.